<h1 align="center">Fastify</h1>

## Decorators

The decorators API allows customization of the core Fastify objects, such as the
server instance itself and any request and reply objects used during the HTTP
request lifecycle. The decorators API can be used to attach any type of property
to the core objects, e.g. functions, plain objects, or native types.

This API is *synchronous*. Attempting to define a decoration asynchronously
could result in the Fastify instance booting before the decoration completes its
initialization. To avoid this issue, and register an asynchronous decoration,
the `register` API, in combination with `fastify-plugin`, must be used instead.
To learn more, see the [Plugins](./Plugins.md) documentation.

Decorating core objects with this API allows the underlying JavaScript engine to
optimize the handling of server, request, and reply objects. This is
accomplished by defining the shape of all such object instances before they are
instantiated and used. As an example, the following is not recommended because
it will change the shape of objects during their lifecycle:

```js
// Bad example! Continue reading.

// Attach a user property to the incoming request before the request
// handler is invoked.
fastify.addHook('preHandler', function (req, reply, done) {
  req.user = 'Bob Dylan'
  done()
})

// Use the attached user property in the request handler.
fastify.get('/', function (req, reply) {
  reply.send(`Hello, ${req.user}`)
})
```

Since the above example mutates the request object after it has already been
instantiated, the JavaScript engine must deoptimize access to the request
object. By using the decoration API this deoptimization is avoided:

```js
// Decorate request with a 'user' property
fastify.decorateRequest('user', '')

// Update our property
fastify.addHook('preHandler', (req, reply, done) => {
  req.user = 'Bob Dylan'
  done()
})
// And finally access it
fastify.get('/', (req, reply) => {
  reply.send(`Hello, ${req.user}!`)
})
```

Note that it is important to keep the initial shape of a decorated field as
close as possible to the value intended to be set dynamically in the future.
Initialize a decorator as a `''` if the intended value is a string, and as
`null` if it will be an object or a function.

Remember this example works only with value types as reference types will 
thrown and error during the fastify startup. See [decorateRequest](#decorate-request).

See [JavaScript engine fundamentals: Shapes and Inline
Caches](https://mathiasbynens.be/notes/shapes-ics) for more information on this
topic.

### Usage
<a id="usage"></a>

#### `decorate(name, value, [dependencies])`
<a id="decorate"></a>

This method is used to customize the Fastify [server](./Server.md)
instance.

For example, to attach a new method to the server instance:

```js
fastify.decorate('utility', function () {
  // Something very useful
})
```

As mentioned above, non-function values can be attached to the server instance as:

```js
fastify.decorate('conf', {
  db: 'some.db',
  port: 3000
})
```

To access decorated properties, use the name provided to the decoration API:

```js
fastify.utility()

console.log(fastify.conf.db)
```

The decorated [Fastify server](./Server.md) is bound to `this` in
[route](./Routes.md) handlers:

```js
fastify.decorate('db', new DbConnection())

fastify.get('/', async function (request, reply) {
  // using return
  return { hello: await this.db.query('world') }
  
  // or
  // using reply.send()
  reply.send({ hello: await this.db.query('world') })
  await reply
})
```

The `dependencies` parameter is an optional list of decorators that the
decorator being defined relies upon. This list is simply a list of string names
of other decorators. In the following example, the "utility" decorator depends
upon "greet" and "hi" decorators:

```js
async function greetDecorator (fastify, opts) {
  fastify.decorate('greet', () => {
    return 'greet message'
  })
}

async function hiDecorator (fastify, opts) {
  fastify.decorate('hi', () => {
    return 'hi message'
  })
}

async function utilityDecorator (fastify, opts) {
  fastify.decorate('utility', () => {
    return `${fastify.greet()} | ${fastify.hi()}`
  })
}

fastify.register(fastifyPlugin(greetDecorator, { name: 'greet' }))
fastify.register(fastifyPlugin(hiDecorator, { name: 'hi' }))
fastify.register(fastifyPlugin(utilityDecorator, { dependencies: ['greet', 'hi'] }))

fastify.get('/', function (req, reply) {
  // Response: {"hello":"greet message | hi message"}
  reply.send({ hello: fastify.utility() })
})

fastify.listen({ port: 3000 }, (err, address) => {
  if (err) throw err
})
```

Note: using an arrow function will break the binding of `this` to the
`FastifyInstance`.

If a dependency is not satisfied, the `decorate` method will throw an exception.
The dependency check is performed before the server instance is booted. Thus, it
cannot occur during runtime.

#### `decorateReply(name, value, [dependencies])`
<a id="decorate-reply"></a>

As the name suggests, this API is used to add new methods/properties to the core
`Reply` object:

```js
fastify.decorateReply('utility', function () {
  // Something very useful
})
```

Note: using an arrow function will break the binding of `this` to the Fastify
`Reply` instance.

Note: using `decorateReply` will throw and error if used with a reference type:

```js
// Don't do this
fastify.decorateReply('foo', { bar: 'fizz'})
```
In this example, the reference of the object would be shared with all the requests
and **any mutation will impact all requests, potentially creating security
vulnerabilities or memory leaks**, so Fastify blocks it.

To achieve proper encapsulation across requests configure a new value for each
incoming request in the [`'onRequest'` hook](./Hooks.md#onrequest). Example:

```js
const fp = require('fastify-plugin')

async function myPlugin (app) {
  app.decorateRequest('foo')
  app.addHook('onRequest', async (req, reply) => {
    req.foo = { bar: 42 }
  })
}

module.exports = fp(myPlugin)
```

See [`decorate`](#decorate) for information about the `dependencies` parameter.

#### `decorateRequest(name, value, [dependencies])`
<a id="decorate-request"></a>

As above with [`decorateReply`](#decorate-reply), this API is used add new
methods/properties to the core `Request` object:

```js
fastify.decorateRequest('utility', function () {
  // something very useful
})
```

Note: using an arrow function will break the binding of `this` to the Fastify
`Request` instance.

Note: using `decorateRequest` will emit an error if used with a reference type:

```js
// Don't do this
fastify.decorateRequest('foo', { bar: 'fizz'})
```
In this example, the reference of the object would be shared with all the requests
and **any mutation will impact all requests, potentially creating security
vulnerabilities or memory leaks**, so Fastify blocks it.

To achieve proper encapsulation across requests configure a new value for each
incoming request in the [`'onRequest'` hook](./Hooks.md#onrequest).

Example:

```js
const fp = require('fastify-plugin')

async function myPlugin (app) {
  app.decorateRequest('foo')
  app.addHook('onRequest', async (req, reply) => {
    req.foo = { bar: 42 }
  })
}

module.exports = fp(myPlugin)
```

The hook solution is more flexible and allows for more complex initialization
because you can add more logic to the `onRequest` hook.

Another approach is to use the getter/setter pattern, but it requires 2 decorators:

```js
fastify.decorateRequest('my_decorator_holder') // define the holder
fastify.decorateRequest('user', {
  getter () {
    this.my_decorator_holder ??= {} // initialize the holder
    return this.my_decorator_holder
  }
})

fastify.get('/', async function (req, reply) {
  req.user.access = 'granted'
  // other code
})
```

This ensures that the `user` property is always unique for each
request.

See [`decorate`](#decorate) for information about the `dependencies` parameter.

#### `hasDecorator(name)`
<a id="has-decorator"></a>

Used to check for the existence of a server instance decoration:

```js
fastify.hasDecorator('utility')
```

#### hasRequestDecorator
<a id="has-request-decorator"></a>

Used to check for the existence of a Request decoration:

```js
fastify.hasRequestDecorator('utility')
```

#### hasReplyDecorator
<a id="has-reply-decorator"></a>

Used to check for the existence of a Reply decoration:

```js
fastify.hasReplyDecorator('utility')
```

### Decorators and Encapsulation
<a id="decorators-encapsulation"></a>

Defining a decorator (using `decorate`, `decorateRequest`, or `decorateReply`)
with the same name more than once in the same **encapsulated** context will
throw an exception.

As an example, the following will throw:

```js
const server = require('fastify')()

server.decorateReply('view', function (template, args) {
  // Amazing view rendering engine
})

server.get('/', (req, reply) => {
  reply.view('/index.html', { hello: 'world' })
})

// Somewhere else in our codebase, we define another
// view decorator. This throws.
server.decorateReply('view', function (template, args) {
  // Another rendering engine
})

server.listen({ port: 3000 })
```


But this will not:

```js
const server = require('fastify')()

server.decorateReply('view', function (template, args) {
  // Amazing view rendering engine.
})

server.register(async function (server, opts) {
  // We add a view decorator to the current encapsulated
  // plugin. This will not throw as outside of this encapsulated
  // plugin view is the old one, while inside it is the new one.
  server.decorateReply('view', function (template, args) {
    // Another rendering engine
  })

  server.get('/', (req, reply) => {
    reply.view('/index.page', { hello: 'world' })
  })
}, { prefix: '/bar' })

server.listen({ port: 3000 })
```

### Getters and Setters
<a id="getters-setters"></a>

Decorators accept special "getter/setter" objects. These objects have functions
named `getter` and `setter` (though the `setter` function is optional). This
allows defining properties via decorators, for example:

```js
fastify.decorate('foo', {
  getter () {
    return 'a getter'
  }
})
```

Will define the `foo` property on the Fastify instance:

```js
console.log(fastify.foo) // 'a getter'
```
